Case File #0075

Sep 4, 2026 — 10 rounds, declassified. The fabrication in each is marked; the truth of all three follows. Play today's case →

  1. Round 1 SPACE
    • ✓ TRUE

      The Sun contains roughly 99.8 percent of all the mass in the entire solar system.

      TRUE. Everything else, all planets and moons combined, makes up only a tiny fraction of the total.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Light leaving the Sun takes about eight minutes to travel across space and reach the Earth.

      TRUE. So the sunlight you see actually left the Sun roughly eight minutes earlier.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The Sun is classified as a red giant and currently generates its energy by fusing helium in its core.

      FALSE. The Sun is a yellow dwarf fusing hydrogen; it won't become a red giant for billions of years.

  2. Round 2 FOOD
    • ✓ TRUE

      Sourdough bread rises using wild yeast and bacteria naturally present in a flour-and-water starter.

      TRUE. A sourdough starter cultures wild yeast and lactic bacteria that leaven the dough and add tang.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Ancient Egyptians are commonly credited with advancing leavened bread thousands of years ago.

      TRUE. Egypt is widely associated with early progress in raised, leavened bread and its baking.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      French law dating to the reign of Louis XIV requires every baguette to be exactly 65 centimeters long.

      FALSE. No such Louis XIV law exists; the modern baguette is a 20th-century form, and its size is convention, not royal decree.

  3. Round 3 GEOGRAPHY
    • ✓ TRUE

      Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest lake in the world and holds about a fifth of all unfrozen surface fresh water.

      TRUE. It plunges more than 1,600 metres and holds around 20 percent of the world's surface fresh water.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Lake Baikal is so old and isolated that it hosts many species found nowhere else, including a unique freshwater seal.

      TRUE. The Baikal seal is the world's only exclusively freshwater seal.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      Lake Baikal is a saltwater sea connected to the ocean, which is why seals are able to live there.

      FALSE. Baikal is a freshwater lake far inland; its seals are adapted to fresh water, not an ocean connection.

  4. Round 4 SPACE
    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter is so tightly packed that spacecraft must carefully weave through to avoid collisions.

      FALSE. The belt is mostly empty space; probes fly through it routinely with essentially no risk of hitting anything.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt, is officially classified as a dwarf planet.

      TRUE. Big enough to be rounded by its own gravity, Ceres shares the dwarf planet label with Pluto.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Most of the total mass of the asteroid belt is concentrated in just a handful of its largest bodies.

      TRUE. A few big objects like Ceres and Vesta account for a large share of the belt's mass.

  5. Round 5 FOOD
    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The sandwich is named after a French village called Sandwich, famous for its bread-and-filling meals.

      FALSE. It is named after an 18th-century English noble titled the Earl of Sandwich, not a French village.

    • ✓ TRUE

      The sandwich's name is traditionally traced to an 18th-century English aristocrat who held the title Earl of Sandwich.

      TRUE. The popular story credits the Earl of Sandwich, who wanted a meal he could eat without leaving his table.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Eating fillings between or inside bread long predates the English name and appears across many cuisines.

      TRUE. Bread-wrapped foods existed worldwide long before the English word 'sandwich' was coined.

  6. Round 6 NATURE
    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The Nile is the only major river in the world that flows from south to north, which long made maps of it unusual.

      FALSE — plenty of large rivers flow south-to-north; direction depends only on where the land slopes downhill, so the Nile isn't unique.

    • ✓ TRUE

      The Amazon River discharges more water into the sea than the next several largest rivers combined.

      TRUE — its outflow is so vast that it dilutes ocean saltiness far offshore from its mouth.

    • ✓ TRUE

      For most of its length the Amazon's main stem has no bridges crossing it.

      TRUE — width, wetlands, and sparse road networks mean the main river is crossed almost entirely by boat.

  7. Round 7 HISTORY
    • ✓ TRUE

      Christopher Columbus completed his first transatlantic crossing in 1492, reaching islands in the Caribbean.

      TRUE — he made landfall in the Bahamas that October, opening sustained European contact with the Americas.

    • ✓ TRUE

      Columbus believed to the end that he had reached the outskirts of Asia rather than a new continent.

      TRUE — he insisted he had found a route to the Indies, not an unknown landmass.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      Columbus mainly sailed west to prove the Earth was round, a fact nearly all educated Europeans of his day denied.

      FALSE — educated Europeans already knew the Earth was round; the real dispute was how far away Asia was.

  8. Round 8 SPACE
    • ✓ TRUE

      Astronauts tend to grow slightly taller during spaceflight because the spine stretches without gravity compressing it.

      TRUE. The discs between vertebrae expand in microgravity, adding a few centimeters until they return home.

    • ✓ TRUE

      In the microgravity of space, a candle flame burns as a rounded blob rather than the teardrop shape seen on Earth.

      TRUE. Without gravity-driven convection, hot gases don't rise, so flames form spheres.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      Sound travels through the vacuum of space at roughly one-tenth of the speed it moves at on Earth.

      FALSE. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum at all, because there are no molecules to carry the vibrations.

  9. Round 9 HISTORY
    • ✓ TRUE

      The Titanic sank in April 1912 after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic during its very first voyage.

      TRUE — the ship went down on its maiden voyage from Southampton toward New York.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The Titanic actually carried enough lifeboats for everyone aboard, but panic stopped most of them from being launched.

      FALSE — the Titanic carried lifeboats for only about half those aboard, a shortfall that worsened the death toll.

    • ✓ TRUE

      The wreck of the Titanic lay undiscovered on the ocean floor until an expedition located it in 1985.

      TRUE — a team led by Robert Ballard found the wreck deep in the Atlantic in 1985.

  10. Round 10 LANGUAGE
    • ✓ TRUE

      Braille represents letters and numbers using patterns of raised dots read by touch, a system developed in the nineteenth century.

      TRUE. Each character is a cell of up to six raised dots, felt with the fingertips.

    • ✗ FABRICATION

      The word 'denim' comes from the English phrase 'the name', because tailors labelled the tough cloth simply as their signature 'name' fabric.

      FALSE. 'Denim' comes from French 'de Nimes' (from the city of Nimes), where a similar serge cloth was made.

    • ✓ TRUE

      The word 'jeans' ultimately derives from Genoa, the Italian port city, by way of the old French name for that place.

      TRUE. A fustian cloth from Genoa (French 'Genes') gave its name to the garment.

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