Case File #0073
Sep 2, 2026 — 10 rounds, declassified. The fabrication in each is marked; the truth of all three follows. Play today's case →
- Round 1 SPACE
- ✓ TRUE
The International Space Station circles Earth about every 90 minutes, so its crew sees roughly 16 sunrises a day.
TRUE. At orbital speed it laps the planet 16 times daily, giving astronauts frequent sunrises and sunsets.
- ✗ FABRICATION
The International Space Station draws its main electrical power from a small onboard nuclear reactor.
FALSE. The station runs on large solar arrays, not a reactor, converting sunlight into electricity.
- ✓ TRUE
The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by rotating crews since the year 2000.
TRUE. Humans have lived aboard without interruption since the first long-duration crew arrived in late 2000.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 2 HISTORY
- ✓ TRUE
The Black Death tore through Europe in the mid-1300s, killing a very large share of the continent's population.
TRUE — the plague killed tens of millions, perhaps a third or more of Europeans.
- ✗ FABRICATION
During the Black Death, physicians correctly blamed fleas on rats and quarantined the animals to halt the spread.
FALSE — medieval doctors had no idea fleas or rats carried the disease; the flea-rat link was only understood in the 1890s.
- ✓ TRUE
The word 'quarantine' comes from the Italian for forty days, the period ships were once held in isolation.
TRUE — Venetian-era ports isolated arriving ships for forty days as a plague precaution.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 3 SCIENCE
- ✓ TRUE
The gold in Earth's crust was likely forged in extreme cosmic events, such as colliding neutron stars, and delivered by ancient asteroid impacts.
TRUE. Heavy elements like gold form in rare, violent events and were later delivered to the surface.
- ✓ TRUE
Gold is so malleable that a single gram can be hammered into a sheet of about one square metre.
TRUE. Gold's extraordinary ductility allows a gram to be beaten into a remarkably thin, wide foil.
- ✗ FABRICATION
Gold is the densest naturally occurring element, heavier than osmium, iridium and platinum.
FALSE. Osmium and iridium are denser than gold; gold is very dense but not the densest element.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 4 FOOD
- ✗ FABRICATION
The word 'ketchup' comes from a Nahuatl term the Aztecs used for a spiced tomato relish served at feasts.
FALSE. 'Ketchup' traces to the Hokkien Chinese word ke-tsiap, a fermented fish and brine sauce, with no Aztec or tomato connection.
- ✓ TRUE
Some early English ketchup recipes were built around mushrooms or walnuts rather than tomatoes.
TRUE. 18th- and 19th-century England knew mushroom and walnut ketchups; tomato was just one of many 'ketchup' bases.
- ✓ TRUE
The sauce's Southeast Asian ancestor was a fermented fish preparation, not a tomato product.
TRUE. The original was a salty fermented fish/seafood sauce; sweet tomato ketchup is a later Western reinvention.
- ✗ FABRICATION
- Round 5 FOOD
- ✓ TRUE
Chili peppers are native to the Americas and spread across the rest of the world after transatlantic contact.
TRUE. Chilies originated in the Americas and only reached Asia, Africa, and Europe after 15th-century contact.
- ✗ FABRICATION
The heat of a chili pepper comes from capsaicin, which is concentrated mainly in the seeds themselves.
FALSE. Capsaicin is concentrated in the pale inner membrane (the placenta), not the seeds; seeds just sit near it.
- ✓ TRUE
Capsaicin binds to receptors that also respond to heat, which is part of why spicy food can feel 'hot.'
TRUE. Capsaicin activates heat-sensing receptors, so the brain interprets spice as a burning, hot sensation.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 6 SCIENCE
- ✓ TRUE
Stainless steel resists rust because its chromium forms an invisible, self-repairing oxide layer on the surface.
TRUE. That thin chromium-oxide film reforms when scratched, keeping the steel protected.
- ✓ TRUE
Gold is so chemically unreactive that it barely tarnishes, which is why ancient gold artifacts still gleam.
TRUE. Gold resists reacting with oxygen and most acids, so it keeps its shine for millennia.
- ✗ FABRICATION
As iron rusts, it slowly loses weight because the metal flakes away into lighter oxide dust.
FALSE. Rusting adds oxygen from the air, so a rusted piece of iron actually weighs more than before.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 7 ANIMALS
- ✓ TRUE
A kangaroo is a marsupial whose newborn is born tiny and hairless, then finishes growing inside the mother's pouch.
TRUE. The joey is roughly bean-sized at birth and crawls to the pouch to develop further.
- ✓ TRUE
A kangaroo cannot move its hind legs independently on land, so it is unable to hop or walk backwards.
TRUE. Its large tail and the way its legs work together make backward motion effectively impossible.
- ✗ FABRICATION
A kangaroo's tail is a simple, muscle-free counterweight used only for balance while standing still.
FALSE. The tail is heavily muscled and acts like a fifth limb, pushing the body forward while the kangaroo walks slowly.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 8 NATURE
- ✓ TRUE
Honey is so low in moisture and naturally acidic that it resists spoiling, and sealed honey found in ancient tombs has remained edible.
TRUE. Its low water content and acidity prevent most microbes from growing, so it can last essentially indefinitely.
- ✓ TRUE
Honeybees make honey by repeatedly passing nectar between workers and fanning it with their wings to evaporate water.
TRUE. The process concentrates nectar into the thick, shelf-stable syrup we call honey.
- ✗ FABRICATION
If honey crystallises and turns grainy in the jar, it has spoiled and should be thrown away.
FALSE. Crystallisation is a normal, harmless process; gently warming the jar returns the honey to a liquid.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 9 ANIMALS
- ✓ TRUE
Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained, powered flight rather than just gliding.
TRUE. Other 'flying' mammals such as flying squirrels only glide; bats flap and truly fly.
- ✓ TRUE
Many bats navigate and hunt in darkness by emitting high-frequency calls and reading the returning echoes.
TRUE. This echolocation lets them detect and chase insects in total darkness.
- ✗ FABRICATION
Bats are completely blind, and their eyes contain no light-sensing cells at all.
FALSE. All bats can see, and many fruit bats have large eyes with excellent vision; they are not blind.
- ✓ TRUE
- Round 10 HISTORY
- ✓ TRUE
The Berlin Wall, which split East and West Berlin for decades, was finally opened in 1989.
TRUE — the border opened on the night of 9 November 1989 amid mass demonstrations.
- ✗ FABRICATION
West Germany built the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from pouring into the prosperous capitalist west.
FALSE — it was East Germany that built the Wall, and it was meant to stop its own citizens from fleeing westward.
- ✓ TRUE
The Berlin Wall stood for roughly twenty-eight years before it was opened to free passage.
TRUE — it divided the city from 1961 until 1989.
- ✓ TRUE